![]() Students often get confused about how it is possible for the position of equilibrium to change as you change the conditions of a reaction, although the equilibrium constant may remain the same. The Effect of Changing Conditions This page looks at the relationship between equilibrium constants and Le Châtelier's Principle.This Modules explain the reasons for the conditions used in the process by considering the effect of proportions, temperature, pressure and catalyst on the composition of the equilibrium mixture, the rate of the reaction and the economics of the process. The Contact Process The Contact Process is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.If a chemical reaction is at equilibrium and experiences a change in pressure, temperature, or concentration of products or reactants, the equilibrium shifts in the opposite direction to offset the change. Le Chatelier's Principle Fundamentals Le Châtelier's principle states that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to reestablish an equilibrium. ![]() It also explains very briefly why catalysts have no effect on the position of equilibrium. It covers changes to the position of equilibrium if you change concentration, pressure or temperature. Le Chatelier's Principle and Dynamic Equilbria This page looks at Le Châtelier's Principle and explains how to apply it to reactions in a state of dynamic equilibrium.ICE Tables An ICE (Initial, Change, Equilibrium) table is simple matrix formalism that used to simplify the calculations in reversible equilibrium reactions (e.g., weak acids and weak bases or complex ion formation).This shifts chemical equilibria toward the products or reactants, which can be determined by studying the reaction and deciding whether it is endothermic or exothermic. Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium A temperature change occurs when temperature is increased or decreased by the flow of heat.It looks at the effect of proportions, temperature, pressure and catalyst on the composition of the equilibrium mixture and the rate of the reaction. Case Study: The Manufacture of Ethanol from Ethene This page describes the manufacture of ethanol by the direct hydration of ethene, and then goes on to explain the reasons for the conditions used in the process.By an appropriate choice of the operators we obtain Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: the product of the error in the measurement of the position multiplied and the error in the measurement of the momentum, must be greater than or equal to a strictly non-zero value.\) Using the positivity of a quadratic function we conclude that the discriminant must be negative, which gives a result about the expectation of two operators and their commutator. We then compute the commutator of the position and momentum operators and see that it is non-zero.įinally, the key proposition which is used to derive Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle is stated and proved. The definitions of the expectation and dispersion (standard deviation) of an operator are given in terms of a complex inner product, as these will be required later. This is then expressed in terms of the momentum and position operators which together make up the Hamiltonian. The equation for the remaining spatial component is referred to as the Stationary State Schrödinger Equation. ![]() By looking for a separable solution we are able to solve for the time dependent component as a complex exponential. The video begins with Schrödinger’s Equation for the quantum wave function. ![]()
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